The development of projectors were made from magic lanterns, these fell under the motion toys devices. These origins are said to have been made through scientific experimentations. One of these experiments was based on a new concept called persistence of vision which is the capacity to retain an image even when the source has been removed. Technology developed from this is shown below:
- Thaumatrope
- Phenakistoscope
- Zoetrope
- Praxiniscope
Louis Aime Augustin Le Prince - 1886
Roundhay Garden Scene - 1888
The first version of Cinderella - 1899
The Dreyfus Affair (first long footage for its time) - 1899
Key Practitioners
The Lumiere Brothers, are iconic to the development of film editing. The French inventors and pioneer manufactures of photographic equipment who devised and early motion picture camera and projectors called the Cinematographe. The Lumiere’s apparatus consisted of a single camera, their first films were of everyday French life such as a train arriving or a game of cards (1).
Primitive editing quickly became evident as filmmakers soon discovered that editing shots into a sequence not only contributed to the audience’s sense of tale, but it is more to be able to express a more complex story to the audience. (2)
The Lumiere Brothers' first motion picture:
Sergei Eisenstein was a pioneer in the theory and practise of montage as he demonstrated through his films Strike (1925).He continued to develop the "methods of montage"
Georges Méliès was an innovator in the use of special effects. Which lead to the population of techniques such as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time- lapse photography, dissolves and hand painted colour. He was also the first filmmaker to use a storyboard. His films included "A Trip to the Moon" (1902), his style went from science fiction to fantasy.(6) He conducted "The Great Train Robbery" (1903)
Video editing techniques
parallel editing
Otherwise known as cross cutting, it is when scenes are edited alternatively, so it makes the audience know the scenes are simultaneously, these are common in party scenes, or in horror movies for example in the iconic The Silence of the Lambs, below, it shows what is happening inside the house with the man and the dog and what is going on outside the house with the swat team about to take raid. (8)
"The Silence of the Lambs" Parallel editing example.
Type of shots
Close up
Medium Shot
An over the shoulder shot is a frame which is shot over the shoulder of someone, an example is shown below.
Types of transitions
Cut
This is the most common transition used. It is simply an instant change from one shot to another. It is typically used in fasted pace scenes.
Fade in
This transition is the second most common transition, It is where the shot fades in from a solid frame, typically this is black. It is most common in the beginning of a movie.
Fade out
This is when the shot fades into a solid frame, once again this is typically black and is normally at the end of a movie.
Dissolve (Crossfade)
This is when once shot gradually replaces the previous one scene. This is typically involves a blend type effect when they cross over, it is typically used to show a passage of time.
Wipe
This is a dynamic effect, its described as one shot pushing another off of frame. A common use of them is shown in the Star Wars series.
Iris
This is classed as an old fashioned editing technique which is when a circular surrounding closes into the picture until the screen eventually goes black.
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The Lumiere Brothers' first motion picture:
D.W. Griffith had early involvement with the early years of editing. He was known as the "inventor of Hollywood" This was decided after his movie "The Birth of a Nation" (1915) where he was known to have used advanced camera work which revolutionised America at the time for this. The film costed $110,000 and returned millions but was never fully accounted to.(3)
The reason it was known for it's camera work is that shots such as close ups and fade outs. It contained colour tinting throughout which effected the way the viewer experienced the movie.(4)
Sergei Eisenstein was a pioneer in the theory and practise of montage as he demonstrated through his films Strike (1925).He continued to develop the "methods of montage"
- Metric
- Rhythmic
- Tonal
- Overtonal
- Intellectual (5)
Georges Méliès was an innovator in the use of special effects. Which lead to the population of techniques such as substitution splices, multiple exposures, time- lapse photography, dissolves and hand painted colour. He was also the first filmmaker to use a storyboard. His films included "A Trip to the Moon" (1902), his style went from science fiction to fantasy.(6) He conducted "The Great Train Robbery" (1903)
180 degree rule
The 180 degree rule is classed as a basic rule for film making. the rule goes as follows: two characters in a scene should always stay one side of the camera, this is so the audience doesn't get confused with positioning of the characters, which in some situations is important to the story-line. If it isn't followed the audience may get confused and therefore may not continue to watch the rest of the film.This is typically key to follow when filming a conversation between two people, this is because the audience needs to see their attitudes towards each other. (7)
"The Silence of the Lambs" Parallel editing example.
Type of shots
Close up
A close up shot is when the shot contains only the face of the subject. An example is displayed to the right. (9)
Medium Shot
A medium shot, is when the shot contains the subject from the waist up. An example is shown below.(9)
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Long Shot
A long shot is when the shot contains the whole of the subject, which means from the feet up to the head. An example is shown below.(9)
Establishing Shot
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An establishing shot is a shot that contains the whole of the setting (location) of where the subject is. An example is shown below in the film Pacific Rim.(9)
Over the shoulder Shot
An over the shoulder shot is a frame which is shot over the shoulder of someone, an example is shown below.
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Tracking Shot
The tracking shot is when the camera follows the subject physically, it makes the viewer seem as if they are moving with the subject, it creates n more involved experience with the viewer.(9)
Two Shot
A two shot is simply a shot with two people in the frame at the same time.
Crane Shot
A crane shot is a shot which is shot from a crane or a jib, this gives the perspective of moving up and away from an actor.
Shot reverse Shot
Typically used to portray the conversation between two characters, this is where when a character speaks the camera will be on them and will switch between the two (10)
Cut
This is the most common transition used. It is simply an instant change from one shot to another. It is typically used in fasted pace scenes.
Fade in
This transition is the second most common transition, It is where the shot fades in from a solid frame, typically this is black. It is most common in the beginning of a movie.
Fade out
This is when the shot fades into a solid frame, once again this is typically black and is normally at the end of a movie.
Dissolve (Crossfade)
This is when once shot gradually replaces the previous one scene. This is typically involves a blend type effect when they cross over, it is typically used to show a passage of time.
Wipe
This is a dynamic effect, its described as one shot pushing another off of frame. A common use of them is shown in the Star Wars series.
Iris
This is classed as an old fashioned editing technique which is when a circular surrounding closes into the picture until the screen eventually goes black.
Development of editing and techniques(11)
Video Editing Techniques to consider (12)
Reference textbook (13)
Bibliography
(1) The Editors of Encyclopædia Britannica (2016) ‘Lumiere brothers | french inventors’, in Encyclopædia Britannica. Available at: https://www.britannica.com/biography/Lumiere-brothers (Accessed: 13 September 2016).
(2) Movies and Film:Fade in: A Brief History of editing
(3) "D.W. Griffith". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved March 30, 2015.
(4)Norton, Mary Beth (2015). A People and a Nation, Volume II: Since 1865, Brief Edition. Cengage Learning. p. 487. ISBN 1305142780.
(5) Eisenstein, Sergei (1949), Film Form: Essays in Film Theory, New York: Hartcourt; translated by Jay Leyda.
(6) Jon Gress (2014). [digital] Visual Effects and Compositing New Riders p. 23. ISBN 9780133807240
(7) Director, P. and Allen, A. (2013) 180 degree rule explained! Available at: https://vimeo.com/blog/post/180-degree-rule-explained (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(8) Moura, G. (2014) ‘Elements of cinema’, Elements of Cinema, 1 July. Available at: http://www.google.co.uk/url?sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=web&cd=3&ved=0ahUKEwjf95G7h7LPAhUJCcAKHU_FAbAQFgglMAI&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.elementsofcinema.com%2Fediting%2Fparallel-editing%2F&usg=AFQjCNHEYe3OemwNHtw5YrYZ_7wxoQII3A&sig2=8d4JoBHNe1p3FMTHJBNyQg (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(9)Posted and Goodfellow, R. (2015) Camera shots, angles and movement. Available at: http://waltongoodfellowr.blogspot.co.uk/2009/11/camera-shots-angles-and-movement.html (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(10)Name (2010) EDITING. Available at: https://collegefilmandmediastudies.com/editing/ (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(11) Coric, C. (2010) Development of editing and techniques. Available at: https://awtfg.wordpress.com/development-of-editing-and-techniques/ (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(11) Coric, C. (2010) Development of editing and techniques. Available at: https://awtfg.wordpress.com/development-of-editing-and-techniques/ (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(12) Owens, J. (2012) Post production. Available at: http://www.masteringfilm.com/good-video-editing-techniques-to-consider/ (Accessed: 28 September 2016).
(13)
McDougall, P.J. (2008) OCR media studies for AS Third edition with dynamic learning CD-ROM. United States: Hodder Education.
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